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. 2025 Aug 15;2025:5294835. doi: 10.1155/pedi/5294835

Table 4.

Factors associated with BBD in T1D.

Factors Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Male sex 1.44 (0.74, 2.79)
Age, years 0.89 (0.81, 0.99)
Clinical HbA1c (%)
 HbA1c < 7.5 1 (Reference)
 HbA1c 7.5–≤9 2.03 (0.95, 4.53)
 HbA1c ≥9 3.36 (1.32, 8.74)
zBMI classificationa
 Normal 1 (Reference)
 Overweight 1.89 (0.81, 4.28)
 Obese 1.52 (0.67, 3.36)

azBMI calculated based on WHO Classifications; Overweight: 85th–<95th percentile; Obese ≥95th percentile [18, 19].