Table 3.
Risk of bias of primary studies collected from systematic reviews
| Author | Risk of bias assessment in primary studies (RCTs) | Risk of bias assessment in primary studies (NRSI) | Tool for assessing risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|
| Xiang et al. 2019 |
5 with unclear risk of bias 5 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Chen et al. 2016 |
1 with low risk of bias 5 with unclear risk of bias 2 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| He et al. 2017 |
2 with low risk of bias 3 with unclear risk of bias 4 with high risk of bias |
1 with high risk of bias | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Al-Hamed et al. 2017 |
4 with unclear risk of bias 1 with high risk of bias |
1 with high risk of bias | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Barona- Dorado et al. 2014 |
2 with total score 3 1 with total score 4 |
Included only RCTs | Jadad Scale (1996) |
| Lopes da Silva et al. 2020 |
3 with low risk of bias 12 with unclear risk of bias 5 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Aloy- Prosper et al. 2010 | NR | ||
| Toledano-Serrabona et al. 2021 |
1 with low risk of bias 1 with unclear risk of bias 1 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Lee et al. 2016 |
6 with unclear risk of bias 1 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Barbato et al. 2016 |
3 with low RoB, 8 with unclear RoB 5 with high RoB |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Camps-Font et al. 2018 |
7 with low RoB, 1 with unclear RoB 13 with high RoB |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Ramos et al. 2022 |
1 with low RoB 13 with unclear RoB 3 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Pang et al. 2022 |
7 with low risk of bias 1 with some concerns 1 with high risk of bias |
7 with moderate risk of bias 1 with critical risk of bias |
Cochrane’s ROBINS-I (2016) for NRSI and RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs. |
| Soo-Hoong Low et al. 2020 |
1 with low risk of bias 6 with low risk of bias 1 with high risk of bias |
8 with unclear risk of bias 2 with high risk of bias |
Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Franchini M et al., 2019 | 3 with high risk of bias | Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Miron RJ et al. 2016 | NR | ||
| Danylyuk Y., 2019 | NR | ||
| Del Fabbro M et al. 2011 | 3 with moderate risk of bias |
1 with high risk of bias 2 with moderate risk of bias |
Custom risk of bias tool that assessed sample size calculation; concealed allocation of treatment; completeness of information on reasons for withdrawal by trial group; the randomization method (if applicable); the definition of exclusion/inclusion criteria; the comparability of control and treatment groups at entry, and the calibration and blinding of evaluator(s) for outcome assessment. All these criteria were judged as adequate/non adequate. |
| Fujioka-Kobayashi M et al. 2021 |
12 with low risk of bias 6 with some concerns |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane’s RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs |
| Zhu J. et al. 2020 |
13 with low risk of bias 6 with unclear risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Zhu J. et al. 2019 | Overall risk of bias score for each study was not reported | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) | |
| Canellas J.V.D.S et al., 2020 |
29 with unclear risk of bias 8 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Del Fabbro M. et al. 2017 | Overall risk of bias score for each study was not reported | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) | |
| Snopek et al., 2021 | 6 with unclear risk of bias | Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2008) |
| Jakobsen C et al., 2013 | NR | ||
| Morjaria KR. et al. 2014 | 2 with high risk of bias | Included only RCTs |
Custom tool based on: Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2008) Jadad Scale (2007) CONSORT statement 2010 |
| Canellas et al. 2017 |
1 with unclear risk of bias 6 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Domic et al., 2023 |
3 with low risk of bias 7 with some concerns |
1 with low risk of bias | Cochrane’s ROBINS-I (2016) for NRSI and RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs. |
| Santos Pereira et al., 2023 | 1 with high risk of bias | Included only RCTs | Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (2011) |
| Lu Ye et al., 2024 |
21 with low risk of bias 9 with some concerns 3 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane’s RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs |
| Chen et al., 2023 |
4 with low risk of bias 1 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane’s RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs |
| Menager et al., 2023 |
1 with low risk of bias 9 with high risk of bias |
1 with unclear risk of bias 4 with high risk of bias |
Cochrane’s RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs |
| Yuan et al., 2023 |
11 with some concerns 3 with high risk of bias |
Included only RCTs | Cochrane’s RoB 2 (2019) for RCTs |