Table 1.
Descriptive statistics before propensity score matching (N = 568)
| Variable | All (N = 568) | Managed services (N = 166) | Direct Payments (N = 402) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Dependent variables | ||||
| Unmet needs (dummy) | 0.62 (0.49) | 0.79 (0.41) | 0.55 (0.50) | *** |
| Unmet needs (continuous) | 2.09 (2.13) | 2.77 (2.10) | 1.80 (2.08) | *** |
| Depression | 2.24 (2.18) | 2.08 (2.15) | 2.31 (2.19) | |
| Quality of life | 18.55 (17.05) | 16.39 (16.61) | 19.44 (17.17) | |
| Control variablesa | ||||
| Age | 78.91 (7.99) | 78.30 (7.92) | 79.17 (8.02) | |
| Sex | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.35 (0.48) | 0.35 (0.48) | |
| Education | 0.58 (0.49) | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.60 (0.49) | |
| Household size | 1.58 (0.87) | 1.73 (1.05) | 1.52 (0.78) | ** |
| Income | 301.40 (162.91) | 270.30 (119.93) | 314.24 (176.19) | ** |
| ADLs | 1.74 (1.88) | 2.04 (1.98) | 1.62 (1.82) | * |
| IADLs | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.69 (0.46) | |
| Informal care | 0.44 (0.50) | 0.43 (0.50) | 0.45 (0.50) | |
| Unmet needs (dummy) | 0.31 (0.46) | 0.37 (0.48) | 0.29 (0.45) | |
| Unmet needs (continuous) | 0.88 (1.61) | 1.03 (1.66) | 0.81 (1.58) | * |
| Depression | 2.26 (2.17) | 2.37 (2.27) | 2.21 (2.13) | |
| Quality of life | 24.44 (16.63) | 23.54 (16.78) | 24.81 (16.57) |
aThis table reports lagged values for all control variables. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001