TABLE 1.
E. faecium strains studied
| Genomic group | Subclustera
|
Strainb | Origin | van genec | Hemolysisd | Bacteriocin gene(s)e | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RAPD | AFLP | ||||||
| I | R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 21 (=LMG 20636) | Ostrich, cecum; South Africa; 1996 | ND | γ | |
| R1 | S | FAIR-E 23 (=LMG 20638) | Ostrich, cecum; South Africa; 1996 | ND | β | A | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 25 | Pharmaceutical product; Italy; 1992 | ND | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 26 | Black olives (Greek); Germany | ND | γ | A, B | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 31 (=LMG 20640) | Minipig, feces; Germany | ND | γ | A | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 34 (=LMG 20643) | Sausage; Germany; 1997 | ND | γ | A | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 38 | Human, wound pus; Italy; 1994 | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | S | FAIR-E 41 | Human, clinical; Italy; 1997 | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | S | FAIR-E 102 (=LMG 20705) | Pig; The Netherlands; 1994 | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A3 | FAIR-E 120 (=LMG 20722) | Human, feces; Belgium; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R1 | S | FAIR-E 121 (=LMG 20723) | Human, feces; Belgium; 1997 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 128 (=LMG 20730) | Human, wound; The Netherlands; 1995 | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 130 (=LMG 20732) | Human, blood; The Netherlands; 1995 | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 131 (=LMG 20733) | Human, urine; The Netherlands; 1995 | vanA | γ | A, B | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 132 (=LMG 20734) | Human, rectum; The Netherlands; 1995 | vanA | γ | A | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 133 (=LMG 20735) | Human, rectum; The Netherlands; 1995 | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 134 (=LMG 20736) | Human, bile; The Netherlands; 1996 | vanA | γ | A, B | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 135 (=LMG 20737) | Human, blood; The Netherlands; 1996 | vanA | γ | A, B | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 137 (=LMG 20739) | Human, bile; The Netherlands; 1996 | vanA | γ | A, B | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 151 (=LMG 14207) | Mozzarella; Belgium; 1993 | ND | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 152 (=LMG 15077) | Japanese quail | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 153 (=LMG 15080) | European bison, rumen | ND | γ | A | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 155 (=LMG 16170) | Duck, intestine; Belgium | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 156 (=LMG 16270) | Dog; Belgium | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | S | FAIR-E 157 (=LMG 16271) | Chicken; Belgium | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 159 (=LMG 16299) | Horse; Belgium; 1990-1991 | ND | γ | ||
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 170 | Silage (farm); Belgium | ND | γ | A, B, P | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 171 | Gouda cheese; Belgium | ND | γ | A, B, P | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 172 | Calf, rumen; Slovakia | ND | γ | A | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 178 | Minipig, feces; Germany; 1995 | ND | γ | A, B, P | |
| R1 | A1 | FAIR-E 189 (=LMG 20751) | Human, urine; Germany | vanA | γ | ||
| R1 | A3 | FAIR-E 215 (=LMG 20777) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | γ | ND | |
| R1 | A1 | LMG 11423 T | |||||
| R2 | A2 | FAIR-E 9 (=LMG 20624) | Brine of feta cheese; Greece; 1991 | ND | γ | ||
| R2 | A2 | FAIR-E 50 (=LMG 20655) | Fontina cheese; Italy; 1980 | ND | γ | ||
| R2 | A2 | FAIR-E 83 (=LMG 20687) | Semihard cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R2 | A2 | FAIR-E 119 (=LMG 20721) | Human, feces; Belgium; 1997 | ND | γ | A, B, P | |
| R2 | A2 | FAIR-E 365 (=LMG 20908) | Scamorza cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 3 (=LMG 20618) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1988 | ND | γ | A, 31 | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 6 (=LMG 20621) | Kasseri cheese; Greece; 1994 | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 13 (=LMG 20628) | Brine of feta cheese; Greece; 1992 | ND | γ | A, 31 | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 80 (=LMG 20684) | Asiago cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A1 | FAIR-E 84 | Soft cheese; Italy; 1997 | vanA | γ | A, P | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 118 (=LMG 20720) | Human, feces; Belgium; 1997 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 154 (=LMG 15709) | Cheese | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 196 (=LMG 20758) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | βhf | A, P | |
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 198 (=LMG 20760) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 201 (=LMG 20763) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | βh | A, P | |
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 202 (=LMG 20764) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | βh | A, P | |
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 206 (=LMG 20768) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | βh | A, P | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 207 (=LMG 20769) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 212 (=LMG 20774) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R3 | A4 | FAIR-E 218 (=LMG 20780) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | γ | A, 31 | |
| R3 | S | FAIR-E 225 (=LMG 20787) | Cheddar-type cheese; Ireland; 1994 | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 227 (=LMG 20789) | Cheddar cheese; Ireland; 1994 | ND | γ | ND | |
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 243 (=LMG 20804) | Casu-Axedu cheese (Sardinia); 1992-1993 | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A2 | FAIR-E 254 (=LMG 20814) | Manchego cheese; Spain; 1992-1993 | ND | γ | ||
| R3 | A3 | FAIR-E 383 (=LMG 20926) | Raw milk; Italy; 1969 | ND | γ | ||
| R4 | A3 | FAIR-E 150t1 (=LMG 14204t1) | Goat cheese with pork meat; Belgium; 1993 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R4 | A3 | FAIR-E 338 (=LMG 20890) | Asiago cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R4 | A3 | FAIR-E 345 (=LMG 20897) | Asiago cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| S | A1 | FAIR-E 158 (=LMG 16297) | Pig; Belgium; 1989 | vanA | γ | ||
| II | R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 15 (=LMG 20630) | Dawadawa (soumbala); Burkina Faso; 1995 | ND | γ | |
| R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 149 (=LMG 14203) | Pig, heart meat; Belgium; 1993 | ND | γ | ND | |
| R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 160t1 (=LMG 13597t1) | Vegetables; Belgium | ND | γ | ||
| R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 394 (=LMG 20937) | Human, feces; Ireland; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 396 (=LMG 20939) | Human, feces; Ireland; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 400 (=LMG 20943) | Human, feces; Ireland; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R5 | A5 | FAIR-E 403 (=LMG 20946) | Human, feces; Ireland; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 20 (=LMG 20635) | Swiss cheese salad; Germany; 1990 | ND | γ | ND | |
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 24 | Pharmaceutical product; Italy; 1992 | ND | γ | ND | |
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 27 (=LMG 20639) | Minipig, feces; Germany | ND | γ | P | |
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 210 (=LMG 20772) | Feta cheese; Greece; 1995 | ND | γ | P | |
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 266 (=LMG 20824) | Monte Veronese cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ND | |
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 280 (=LMG 20836) | Monte Veronese cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R6 | A6 | FAIR-E 349 (=LMG 20901) | Montasio cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | ||
| R7 | A7 | FAIR-E 362 (=LMG 20905) | Ricotta cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | A, P | |
| R7 | A7 | FAIR-E 366 (=LMG 20909) | Scamorza cheese; Italy; 1997 | ND | γ | A, P, 31 | |
a
Groups as delineated in Fig. 1; S, separate position.
b
FAIR-E, collection of the EU-project FAIR-CT-3078 (57); LMG, BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Ghent Belgium.
c
Presence of the vanA gene was confirmed for all strains showing resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin using the broth dilution technique. ND, no resistance observed using the broth dilution technique and van genes were not detected.
d
Beta (β)- and gamma (γ)-hemolytic activity was determined on human blood and sheep blood.
e
Bacteriocin gene determination in strains showing inhibitory activity on plate toward one or more indicator strains tested. ND, strain showing inhibitory activity on plate, but none of the tested genes was detected.
f
βh, beta-hemolysis only on human blood and not on sheep blood.