Table 2.

CAR-T development strategy comparison: China vs. Western countries

Dimension	China	Western countries
Key Targets	CD19, BCMA, GPC3, Claudin18.2	CD19, BCMA, HER2, PSMA
Cost (Per Treatment)	$150,000	$400,000
Regulatory Pathway	Conditional approval + real-world evidence	FDA accelerated approval (RMAT/BPR)
Payment Model	1 + 3 + N multi-tier system	Outcome-based payment + commercial insurance
Manufacturing Process	Localized supply chain, optimized automation	Bioreactors like Novartis Prodigy system
Insurance Coverage	Regional pilots (e.g., Shanghai “Hu Hui Bao” covers 50%)	Primarily covered by private insurance, some government programs
Indication Expansion	Focused on solid tumors (e.g., GPC3 for HCC, Claudin18.2 for gastric cancer)	Mainly hematologic malignancies, limited solid tumor trials (HER2, PSMA)
Clinical Trials	Real-world evidence included in regulatory approval, shorter trial cycles	Large-scale RCTs, longer approval cycles