Table 2.

Risk factors and comorbidities associated with pleural infection [10, 38–40]

Independent risk factors	Associated comorbidities
Respiratory disease Current smokers Increasing age Alcohol excess Intravenous drug use Immunosuppression Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Diabetes	Malnutrition Frailty Previous stroke Ischaemic heart disease Chronic renal failure Poor oral hygiene