Table 3.

Summary of current IE diagnosis and treatment strategies by major global cardiovascular organizations

Organization	Diagnostic Criteria	Diagnostic Methods	Treatment Strategies	Key Guidelines & Updates	Reference
American Heart Association (AHA)	Modified Duke Criteria	Blood cultures, Echocardiography (TTE/TEE), Serology	Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics, Valve surgery in severe cases	2020 Update: Emphasis on early surgery for certain high-risk patients	[1]
European Society of Cardiology (ESC)	Modified Duke Criteria with emphasis on imaging	Blood cultures, Echocardiography, 18F-FDG PET/CT for prosthetic valve IE	Targeted antibiotic therapy based on culture results, Early surgery for complications	2015 Guidelines: Inclusion of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnostic criteria	[4]
British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC)	Modified Duke Criteria	Blood cultures, Echocardiography, Molecular methods (PCR)	Combination antibiotic therapy, Consideration for surgery	2020 Guidelines: Updated antibiotic regimens, More emphasis on molecular diagnostics	[70]
World Health Organization (WHO)	Adaptation of Duke Criteria	Blood cultures, Echocardiography, Emerging molecular diagnostics (mNGS)	Standardized antibiotic protocols, Surgical intervention in severe cases	2018 REASSURED: Promotion of molecular diagnostics in resource-limited settings	[71]
Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA)	Modified Duke Criteria	Blood cultures, Echocardiography, Histopathology	Empirical antibiotics, Custom therapy post-identification, Valve replacement	2015 Guidelines: Integration of newer diagnostic techniques, Aggressive surgical approach in high-risk patients	[1]