Table 6.

Proposed IE diagnosis and treatment strategies for future care

Proposed Strategy	Diagnostic/Treatment Innovation	Potential Benefits	Implementation Considerations	References
Integrating AI and Machine Learning	AI-driven algorithms to interpret mNGS data and imaging results	Increased diagnostic accuracy, reduced human error, faster data processing	Requires extensive training datasets, regulatory approval, and cross-disciplinary expertise	[72, 73]
Personalized Medicine Approach	Utilizing genomics and mNGS data to tailor antibiotic therapy	Improved treatment efficacy, reduced side effects, optimized antibiotic use	High costs, need for robust bioinformatics infrastructure, patient consent and data privacy concerns	[74, 75]
Point-of-Care mNGS Devices	Development of portable, rapid mNGS devices for bedside use	Immediate pathogen detection, faster clinical decision-making, improved patient outcomes	Developmental and validation challenges, integration into clinical workflows, cost considerations	[76]
Telemedicine and Remote Monitoring	Remote monitoring of patients using digital health tools and mNGS results	Enhanced patient follow-up, early detection of complications, reduced hospital readmissions	Data security, infrastructure requirements, patient and provider training	[77]
Advanced Bioinformatics Platforms	Enhanced platforms for real-time data analysis and pathogen identification	Greater diagnostic precision, streamlined workflow, integration with electronic health records (EHRs)	Requires significant investment, interoperability with existing systems, continuous updates	[78]
Next-Generation Antibiotics	Development of new antibiotics targeting resistant pathogens identified by mNGS	Effective treatment of antibiotic-resistant infections, reduced mortality and morbidity	Long drug development timelines, high costs, regulatory hurdles	[79]
Microbiome-Based Diagnostics	Leveraging microbiome profiling to understand pathogen interactions and diagnose IE	Insights into pathogen communities, potential for targeted therapies, reduced false positives	Complexity of microbiome data, need for advanced analytical methods, clinical validation	[80, 81]