Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

AUTHOR(S), YEAR	FRACTURE GROUP	NON FRACTURE GROUP	MEAN AGE GENDER	SAMPLE	FOLLOW UP	PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Incidence of new fracture	*NOS SCORE
1. Martinez‐Ferrer et al. 2013  RCT Spain	N=17 New fracture group	N=40	71.92 yrs 72.8% Female 27.2% Male	N=57 140 vertebrae, 61% of patients>2 vertebrae per procedure, Max 4 levels treated in a single session	6 −39 months	17 patients had 29 fractures Incidence: 30%	7
2. Zhang et al. 2023 Retrospective study China	N=47 New fracture group	N=232	71,11 yrs Female 81,7% Male18,3%	N=279	>6 m	47 patients had new fractures Incidence: 16,8% 232 did not have (83,2%)	7
3. Zhang et al., 2021 Retrospective study China	N=362 New fracture group	N=1840	66.06 yrs Female74,2 % Male 25,8%	N=2.202	1,2,3,6,12 Mean follow up 14,7 months.	362 patients had a new fracture 362 Incidence: 16.43% 1840 non fractured	8
4. Xiong et al., 2021 Retrospective cohort study China	N=48 Recompression group	N=45	78.97 yrs Female 80.6% Male :19.3%	N=93	>2 years 1.2–25.9 months Mean follow up 9.3 months	Refracture was found in 48 patients (51,6%) Incidence: 3.68%	8
5. Ren et al. 2015 Retrospective study China	N=21 New fracture group	N=161	69,7 yrs Female 85.2% Male 14.8%	N=182	24–50 months Mean follow up 26.4 months	Incidence: 11.5% 28 new fractures in 21 patients.	8
6. Li et al., 2023 China	N=27 Adjacent fracture group	N=76	74,16 yrs Female 75.7% Male 24.2%	N=103	Mean follow up:24,1 months	Incidence: 26.21%	7
7. Bae et al., 2017 Retrospective study South Korea	N=25 New fracture group	N=231	71,9 yrs Female 79,3 % Male: 20.7%	N=256	Mean follow up 36 months	25 sustained new fractures (9.8%) Incidence: 11.6%	7
8. Ju & Liu 2023, Retrospective study China	N=48 Recompression group	N=216	74,7 yrs Female 59,8% Male: 40.2%	N=264	1,6,12 months for the 1 st year, then once a year afterward	48 patients suffered refracture Incidence: 18.2%	7
9. Li et al., 2022 Retrospective study China	N=58 New fracture group	N=327	75,6 yrs Female 80% Male 20%	N=385	2 years	Incidence: 15%	8