Table 4.
Potential risk factors in included studies
| Groups | Study- Year | Insignificant | Significant |
|---|---|---|---|
| New fractures | Martinez- Ferrer et al. 2013 | Gender, Lumbar T- score, Glucocorticoids, P1 NP, severity and type of VF at baseline, presence and location of cement leakage and bone remodeling | Age > 80 years, cement leakage, 25(OH)D levels and No of treated vertebrae |
| Zhang et al. 2023 | Age, sex, age, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, history of smoking, history of alcohol, fracture level, surgical method, bone cement leakage, bone cement volume, AVHR, and HU value | HU value | |
| Ren det al., 2015 | Age, sex, bone mineral density, amount of bone cement leakage into the disk, preoperative kyphosis, pre-operative degree of anterior vertebral compression, pre-operative degree of middle vertebral compression, kyphosis correction, anterior vertebral height restoration and middle vertebral height restoration | BMI and number of initial symptomatic fractures (levels treated) | |
| Bae et al. 2017 | Age, past medical history, bone cement injection, segmental kyphosis, and time interval between first and second fracture events | Bone mineral content, cement distribution and cement leakage | |
| Li et al. 2022 | Age, sex, bone cement leakage, BMD, injection volume, time from injury to surgery, time from admission to surgery and duration of surgery | BMI, multiple level fractures, steroid use and anti-osteoporotic treatment | |
| Zhang et al. 2021 | Height, weight preoperative bone mineral density, the number of vertebral body fractures, cement injection, bone cement leakage, lifestyle-related factors (smoking, drinking, and postoperative exercise), and presence of chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, coronary atherosclerosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), exercise compliance and antiosteoporotic treatment | Sex, age, smoking, diabetes, postoperative exercise and postoperative anti-osteoporotic medication | |
| Refracture | Xiong et al. 2021 | Age, sex, fracture location, BMD, KA, wedge angle, cement volume, surgical approach, cement leakage and other vertebral fractures | IVC, endplate cortical disruption, RR and non-PMMA-endplate-contact |
| Ju & Liu, 2023 | BMI, gender, smoking, and alcoholism status, Hx of fracture, preoperative comorbidities, and medications, operation time, cement leakage and injection volume, Hb, WBC, urea, Cr and CRP | Age, BMD, multiple vertebral fractures, Alb, Fi), postoperative regular anti-osteoporosis treatment, and exercise | |
| Adjacent fractures | Li et al. 2023 | Preoperative collapse height of the vertebral body, the segmental kyphotic angle, intervertebral cement leakage status, postoperative vertebral height restoration ratio, and kyphotic angle restoration, age, sex, BMI and smoking | HU values |
P1NP: Total procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide; UH: Hounsfield unit; AVHR: Anterior vertebral height ratio; BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density; KA; Kyphotic angle; IVC: intravertebral cleft; RR: Reduction rate; NPEC: endplate-contact; Hx: History; WBC: White blood cell; Hb: hemoglobin; Cr: Creatinine; CRP:C-reactive protein: Alb: albumin; Fib: Fibrinogen.