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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30840. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16443-1

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in two independent Models.

Variables Model 1 Model 2
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics β coefficient P value β coefficient P value
Age (year) 0.038 < 0.001 0.052 < 0.001
ECOG PS
0–1 −0.335 < 0.001 −0.571 < 0.001
≥ 2 Reference - Reference -
Clinical Stage
Stage I −0.125 < 0.001 −0.293 < 0.001
Stage II-IV Reference - Reference -
Tumor Differentiation
Poor 0.040 < 0.001 0.278 < 0.001
Moderate/Well Reference - Reference -
Laboratory Parameters
Serum Albumin (g/L) −0.001 0.002 −0.006 < 0.001
ALB/GLB −0.652 < 0.001 −0.811 < 0.001
LMR NA - −0.040 0.008
HRR NA - −0.047 0.006
Model Performance
Lambda (log) 0.060 (−2.820) < 0.001 0.028 (−3.565) < 0.001

Notes:1.β coefficients represent the change in outcome per unit change in the predictor variable.2.P values < 0.001 indicate strong statistical significance.3.Reference categories were selected based on clinical relevance.4.Model 1 and Model 2 represent two independent analytical approaches to validate the findings.5.Variables with no significant association in both models were excluded from the table.