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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30840. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16443-1

Table 5.

Variance inflation factors (VIF) analysis through Stepwise variable Selection.

Variables Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Demographic Characteristics
Age (years) 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
Clinical Stage
Stage I > 10.0 2.1 2.1 2.1
Stage II > 10.0 NA NA NA
Stage III > 10.0 3.1 3.1 3.1
Stage IV > 10.0 4.2 4.2 4.2
Tumor Differentiation
Well/Moderate > 10.0 > 10.0 NA NA
Poor > 10.0 > 10.0 1.3 1.3
ECOG Performance Status
0–1 > 10.0 > 10.0 > 10.0 1.4
≥ 2 > 10.0 > 10.0 > 10.0 NA
Laboratory Parameters
Serum Albumin (g/L) 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
LMR 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
HRR 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
ALB/GLB 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9

Notes:1.Stepwise variable selection was performed using backward elimination with a VIF threshold of 5.0.2.Variables with VIF > 10.0 were considered to have severe multicollinearity and were candidates for removal.3.Final model (Step 4) achieved optimal variable selection with all VIF values < 5.0.4.Variables removed: Clinical stage (Stage II)、Differentiation grade (Well to moderate differentiation)、ECOG PS(≥ 2)0.5.Predictors used: Clinical stage (Stage I)、Clinical stage (Stage III)、Clinical stage (Stage IV)、Differentiation grade (Poor differentiation)、ECOG PS(0–1)、Serum albumin (g/L)、LMR、HRR、ALB/GLB、Age.