Table 1.
Experimental and simulation parameters.
| Parameter | Value/description |
|---|---|
| Pipe internal diameter (D) | 76.2 mm (3 inch) |
| Elbow geometry | r/D = 1.5 (short-radius elbow) |
| Material | Stainless Steel 316 |
| Sand particle size | 300 μm (angular quartz sand) |
| Sand particle density | 2650 kg/m3 |
| Sand concentration | 1 wt% |
| Flow medium | Gas (air only) |
| Superficial gas velocity | 23 m/s |
| Test duration | 120 min |
| Operating pressure | Atmospheric |
| Temperature | Ambient |
| Measurement techniques | Ultrasonic thickness (UT) measurements |
| Elbow orientation | Vertical |
| Entrance length | L/D ≈ 223 (fully developed flow) |
| CFD software | COMSOL multiphysics 6.3 |
| Turbulence model | Discrete random walk (DRW) for particles |
| Erosion model | Arabnejad et al.38 erosion model |
| Rebound model | Haider et al.45 rebound model |