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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30856. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10857-7

Table 4.

Biological and population parameters of house fly against clove flower bud extract.

Parameters Control LC5 LC25 LC50
Pre-adult duration (days) 21.08 ± 0.15 A 14.94 ± 0.25B 13.10 ± 0.32 C 11.65 ± 0.23D
Female longevity (days) 26.36 ± 0.56 A 25.45 ± 0.78 A 22.58 ± 0.53B 20.29 ± 0.57 C
Male longevity (days) 28.90 ± 0.45 A 26.57 ± 0.74B 19.78 ± 0.53B 18.85 ± 0.35B
APOP (days) 0.91 ± 0.15 A 1.20 ± 0.12 A 1.17 ± 0.21 A 1.23 ± 0.18 A
TPOP (days) 15.93 ± 0.36 A 15.90 ± 0.31 A 15.17 ± 0.43 A 13.35 ± 0.38B
Oviposition days 8.13 ± 0.47 A 6.70 ± 0.28B 6.47 ± 0.38B 6.23 ± 0.45B
Fecundity (per female) 62.14 ± 3.48 A 51.20 ± 3.03B 39.94 ± 2.27 C 34.05 ± 2.36 C
r (per day) 0.16 ± 0.01 A 0.15 ± 0.01 A 0.14 ± 0.01AB 0.13 ± 0.01B
Ro (per day) 24.85 ± 4.32 A 18.61 ± 3.49B 12.34 ± 2.57 C 10.52 ± 2.24 C
T 19.89 ± 0.42 A 18.97 ± 0.43 A 18.27 ± 0.46B 16.43 ± 0.39 C
λ (per day) 1.17 ± 0.01 A 1.17 ± 0.02 A 1.15 ± 0.01AB 1.14 ± 0.01B

APOP = adult pre-oviposition period, TPOP = total pre-oviposition period of female counted from birth.

r = intrinsic rate of growth, R0 = the net reproductive rate (offspring/individual),

T = the mean generation time (days), λ = limiting rate of growth.

Means in adjacent rows with different letters differ significantly (P < 0.05) by bootstrap test use.