Table 6.

Key interactions of phytochemicals (extracted from clove flower bud extracts) with protein targets in house fly.

Target protein	Eugenol	3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenol	Caryophyllene	Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)	3-Allyl-6-methoxyphenyl acetate	Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Cytochrome P450	Hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrophobic, steric hindrance
Ecdysone 20-monooxygenase isoform X1	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Hydrophobic, π-π stacking	Strong hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrophobic, competitive inhibition
Muscle calcium channel subunit alpha-1	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Strong hydrophobic, allosteric modulation	Hydrophobic, π-π stacking	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrophobic, channel blocking
Odorant binding protein 2	Hydrophobic, π-π stacking	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Strong hydrophobic, irreversible binding	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrophobic, competitive binding
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Weak hydrophobic, minimal modulation	Hydrophobic, allosteric inhibition	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Weak hydrophobic, no significant effect	Hydrophobic, weak antagonism
Vitellogenin domain-containing protein	Hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Strong hydrophobic, disrupts lipid binding	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrophobic, competitive inhibition
Gustatory receptor	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Hydrophobic, π-π stacking	Strong hydrophobic, irreversible binding	Hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic	Weak hydrophobic, Van der Waals	Hydrophobic, competitive binding