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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30853. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16886-6

Table 1.

Comparison of maternal backgrounds between no-drugs, 1 or 2 drugs, and ≥ 3 psychotropic drugs groups.

Total
N = 358
No drug
N = 177
1 or 2 drugs N = 139  ≥ 3 drugs
N = 42
P-value
No drug
vs
1 or 2
1 or 2
vs
 ≥ 3
No drug
vs
 ≥ 3
Ages 34 (17–47) 34 (17–44) 34 (20–42) 34 (22–44) 0.30 0.53 0.95
Primigravida 225 (63%) 106 (60%) 90 (65%) 29 (69%) 0.71 0.89 0.68
Spontaneous pregnancy 282 (79%) 133 (75%) 114 (82%) 35 (83%) 0.67 0.53 0.80
BMI 26 (18–43) 26 (18–43) 26 (18–39) 27 (19–42) 0.94 0.13 0.09
Smokers 30 (8.4%) 14 (7.9%) 10 (7.2%) 6 (14%) 0.50 0.23 0.25

median (range) or number (%).

BMI: body mass index.

* p < 0.017.