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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30853. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16886-6

Table 5.

A list of psychotropic drugs administered in patients showing NAS.

Case GA Number of drug Maternal mental disorder Psychotrophic drugs Symptom Congenital Anomalies
1 37 1 Obsessive–compulsive disorder ※Fluvoxamine (SSRI) Tachypnea
2 37 2

Panic disorder

Depression

※Paroxetine (SSRI), Bromazepam (BZ) Excitement, Apnea
3 38 2 Schizophrenia ※Risperidone, Blonanserin Tachypnea TAPVR
4 41 2 Epilepsy ※Sertraline (SSRI), Lacosamide Somnolence, Apnea, Easy acridity
5 37 3 Schizophrenia ※Chlorpromazine, Flunitrazepam (BZ), Bromazepam (BZ) Apnea, Hypoglycemia
6 38 3

Panic disorder

Depression

※Risperidone, ※Venlafaxine, Bromazepam (BZ), Tremors, Hyperirritability, Apnea
7 38 3 Panic disorder ※Paroxetine (SSRI), Olanzapine, Lorazepam (BZ)

Somnolence, Shaking

Muscular rigidity

8 39 4 Schizophrenia Quetiapine, Paliperidone, Nitrazepam(BZ), Eszopiclone

Somnolence, Shaking, Hyperirritability,

Tachypnea, Hypoglycemia

9 37 5 Bipolar disorder

※Fluvoxamine (SSRI), Bromazepam(BZ), Lamotrigine, Nortriptyline,

Lithium carbonate

Apnea, Tachypnea

GA: Gestational ages, SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, BZ: Benzodiazepine.

NAS: Neonatal abstinence syndrome, TAPVR: Total anomalous pulmonary venous return, CYP: cytochrome P450.

※ Drug- inhibiting CYP2D6 enzymes.