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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16804-w

Table 2.

Mean difference in variables used in Model.

List of variables Participants Non-participants Mean difference
Mean SD Mean SD t
DSR 0.671 0.591 0.532 0.481 3.14**
CRM 0.763 0.525 0.493 0.412 1.82*
ZT 0.615 0.577 0.396 0.241 2.37**
LI 0.372 0.415 0.147 0.239 2.15*
PWM 0.415 0.361 0.273 0.314 1.08*
Productivity 1604.2 1047.1 1429.4 9.615 31.3***
Incomes 194,509 98,272 177,953 112,726 9281.6***
Age 0.414 0.28 0.474 0.382 0.71***
Gender 0.931 0.532 0.942 0.831 0.81
Marital status 0.831 0.712 0.854 0.817 1.08
Experience 19.83 12.62 21.19 15.82 1.46
Education 8.632 4.942 7.015 5.192 1.87***
Farm size 7.835 6.884 8.154 6.772 1.41
Off-farm income 0.257 0.133 0.186 0.327 0.98***
Tenant 0.374 0.252 0.352 0.487 1.51
Farm advisory 7.193 7.852 7.251 6.068 0.87
Livestock 0.318 0.445 0.347 0.562 2.51**
Credit 0.289 0.185 0.237 0.179 2.32**
Skill development 0.412 0.515 0.263 0.192 4.03***
FBO 0.306 0.217 0.265 0.184 3.17***
Market access 8.382 7.027 8.625 6.136 0.83
Internet perception 0.847 0.581 0.293 0.182 1.82***
Social circle 0.593 0.475 0.183 0.136 3.87***
Subscription 0.685 0.452 0.136 0.185 2.18***
Wheat-rice 0.281 0.255 0.265 0.283 2.156
Mixed 0.235 0.272 0. 219 0.227 1.74
Observations 314 409

*P < 0.1; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.