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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16804-w

Table 4.

Selection equations for productivity and net farm Returns.

Variable Productivity Net farm returns
Coeff. Std. Err. Coeff. Std. Err.
Access-internet connection 0.057** 0.026 0.123*** 0.037
Distance-training center – 0.162** 0.076 – 0.056*** 0.011
Farm radius 0.093*** 0.019 0.127* 0.072
Age – 0.152 0.148 0.263 0.162
Gender 0.078** 0.039 0.072** 0.031
Marital status 0.094 0.117 – 0.157 0.285
Experience 0.009 0.073 0.014 0.148
Education 0.017 0.012 0.028 0.039
Farm size 0.137** 0.067 0.256*** 0.088
Off-farm income 0.328*** 0.087 0.405* 0.232
Tenant 0.007 0.006 0.018 0.073
Advisory 0.184*** 0.021 0.271** 0.136
Livestock 0.462*** 0.128 0.278** 0.121
Credit 0.013 0.023 0.009 0.138
Skill_ Dev 0.248 0.383 0.093 0.084
FBO 0.207** 0.097 0.245*** 0.076
Mark. Acc 0.039 0.026 0.154** 0.076
Wheat-rice 0.732*** 0.269 0.516 0.414
Mixed 0.374 0.315 0.519 0.538
Constant 0.418 0.357 0.336 0.277

Note: *P < 0.1; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.