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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16804-w

Table 5.

ESR estimates for productivity and net farm Returns.

Variable Productivity Net farm returns
Adopters Non-adopters Adopters Non-adopters
Age 0.091 (0.115) 0.008 (0.006) 0.084 (0.081) 0.015 (0.016)
Gender 0.174*** (0.057) 0.017 (0.029) 0.136 (0.164) 0.037 (0.045)
Marital status 0.092 (0.145) 0.062 (0.137) 0.105 (0.132) 0.105 (0.097)
Experience 0.116** (0.048) 0.087 (0.095) 0.058 (0.037) 0.021 (0.019)
Education 0.264** (0.137) 0.028* (0.016) 0.214* (0.121) 0.117** (0.056)
Farm size 0.297*** (0.061) 0.213 (0.156) 0.136** (0.067) 0.213 (0.172)
Off-farm income 0.312*** (0.104) 0.067 (0.053) 0.194** (0.083) 0.013*** (0.003)
Tenant 0.065 (0.049) 0.044 (0.038) – 0.018 (0.034) 0.152 (0.145)
Advisory 0.043 (0.037) – 0.023 (0.049) 0.058*** (0.016) 0.067 (0.058)
Livestock 0.256*** (0.085) 0.212* (0.117) 0.097 (0.115) 0.131*** (0.046)
Credit 0.185 (0.216) 0.027 (0.065) 0.105*** (0.021) 0.092 (0.136)
Skill_ Dev 0.083 (0.092) 0.008 (0.024) 0.041 (0.056) 0.004 (0.018)
FBO 0.197* (0.113) 0.005 (0.009) 0.073 (0.098) 0.046 (0.083)
Mark. Acc 0.119 (0.152) 0.063 (0.141) 0.164 (0.147) 0.107 (0.127)
Wheat-rice 0.316 (0.285) 0.218*** (0.053) 0.137 (0.125) 0.163** (0.066)
Mixed 0.166 (0.138) 0.179 (0.207) 0.229 (0.208) 0.069 (0.054)
Constant 5.262*** (0.729) 4.621*** (0.815) 6.089*** (1.034) 5.116*** (0.871)
/lns0 – 0.116 (0.118) – 0.351*** (0.056)
/lns1 0.296** (0.149) – 0.312*** (0.076)
/r0 – 0.621*** (0.142) – 0.258*** (0.073)
/r1 – 1.348*** (0.263) – 0.278*** (0.039)
Log likelihood – 447.91 – 465.32
χ2-Statistic for overidentification 0.732 (0.56) 0.713 (0.54)
LR test of indep. Eqans. χ2 (2) 39.27*** 26.84***

*P < 0.1; **P < 0.05; ***P < 0.01.