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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30901. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16454-y

Table 5.

Optimization of ANN model parameters.

Initial value Stopping criteria Target value
Epoch 0 9 103
Elapsed time 1.66 s
Performance 1.09 Inline graphic10–3 6.6Inline graphic10–3 0
Gradient 6.00 × 10–1 1.7Inline graphic10–2 10–7
mu 10–3 10–4 1010
Validation checks 0 6 6
Loss function MSE Activation function Hyperbolic tangent function
Number of hidden layer 20