Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 22;15:30866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15982-x

Table 2.

Tuning results of penalty coefficients.

Penalty coefficient Probability of conflict (%) Spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) Level
1.0 9.7 ± 1.2 2.31 ± 0.15 Moderate
2.0 5.3 ± 0.9 2.28 ± 0.13 Optimal
3.0 4.1 ± 0.7 2.15 ± 0.17 Low