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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30866. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15982-x

Table 8.

Accuracy experiment results.

methodologies federal structure Inline graphic (MHz) GCI Inline graphic
FedAvg + DDPG Fixed Weight Aggregation 18.32 ± 2.07 0.71 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.04
FTL + SAC Federated Transfer Learning 15.61 ± 1.89 0.78 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.03
AFL-MADDPG Dynamic Weighting + Hybrid Critic 8.73 ± 1.21 0.89 ± 0.03 0.15 ± 0.03
Centralized Non-federal benchmarks 5.18 ± 0.76 1.00 0.12 ± 0.02