Table 1.

Individual effects of studies that applied trauma-focused therapies.

Variable	Study	Therapy	n	d	CI 95%
					Upper limit	Lower limit
Pain	Hsu et al.41	ASA versus TAU	45	− 1.20	− 1.84	− 0.57
	Gillis et al.40	WED versus NW	69	0.75	0.26	1.24
	Lumley et al.43	EAET versus P-CBT	154	− 1.02	− 1.36	− 0.68
	Ziadni et al.49	EAET-I versus TAU	75	− 2.35	− 2.95	− 1.74
	Carty et al.39	EAET-I versus TAU	62	− 3.45	− 4.24	− 2.66
	Yarns et al.48	EAET versus P-CBT	53	− 1.95	− 2.60	− 1.29
	Hasha et al.36	TRT versus WL	76	0.00	− 0.45	0.45
Emotional distress	Slavin-Spenny et al.46	AAET versus RT	98	1.05	0.63	1.47
	Thakur et al.47	EAET versus RT	72	0.52	0.05	0.99
	Ziadni et al.49	EAET-I versus TAU	75	− 3.02	− 3.70	− 2.34
	Carty et al.39	EAET-I versus TAU	62	− 2.41	− 3.07	− 1.74

AAET anger awareness and expression training, ASA affective self-awareness, EAET emotional awareness and expression therapy, EAET-I emotional awareness and expression interview, NW neutral writing, P-CBT pain-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, RT relaxation training, TAU treatment as usual, TRT teaching recovery techniques, WED written emotional disclosure, WL waitlist control group.