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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30982. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17166-z

Table 1.

List and description of the spectral reflectance used in this study.

Indices Name Specific formula Symbol References
SRIs Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NIR-Red)/(NIR + Red) NDVI 52
Vegetation Condition Index (NDVI - NDVI min)/(NDVI max + NDVI min) VCI Konag, 199553
Perpendicular Drought Index Inline graphic(R Red + MR NIR) PDI 54
Modified Perpendicular Drought Index Inline graphic MPDI 55
Fraction of Vegetation Inline graphic SAVI 56
Soil Adjustment Vegetation Index Inline graphic Fv 57
Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index Inline graphic MSAVI 58
NIR: Near Infrared band, Red: Red band, NDVI min: Minimum value of NDVI during a specified time period, NDVI max: Maximum value of NDVI during a specified time period, M: Slope of the soil line, and L: Correction factors for soil effects.
TIs Temperature Condition Index Inline graphic TCI Kogan, 199553
LST: Land surface temperature, LST max: Maximum land surface temperature, LST min: Minimum land surface temperature.
CIs Temperature Vegetation Index Inline graphic TVI 59
Vegetation Health Index Inline graphic VHI 1
Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index Inline graphic NVSWI 60
Vegetation Water Content Index Inline graphic VWCI 61
Rescaled Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Inline graphic RNDVI Kogan, 200162
Relative Land Surface Temperature Inline graphic RLST 63
Modified Canopy Water Content Index Inline graphic MCWCI 64
α: A parameter that depends on temperature and moisture conditions.