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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30892. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16259-z

Table 1.

Electrochemical responses of the proposed MIP/GCC-modified sensors compared with MIP free-GCC-modified and unmodified sensors.

Parameter TPB/GCE K-TFMPB/GCE
MIP/GCC GCC Plain GCE MIP/GCC GCC Plain GCE
Slope (mV/decade)a 54.66 54.30 51.97 55.89 53.72 52.64
Intercept (mV) 375.96 315.36 289.6 453.9 374.92 337.04
Correlation coefficient (r) 0.9998 0.9973 0.9949 0.99975 0.9998 0.99945
Concentration range (M) 10− 6 to 10− 2 10− 6 to 10− 2 10− 6 to 10− 2 10− 6 to 10− 2 10− 6 to 10− 2 10− 6 to 10− 2
LOD (M)b 2.51 × 10− 7 5.01 × 10− 7 8.91 × 10− 7 2 × 10− 7 3.98 × 10− 7 7.94 × 10− 7
Stability (Days) 45 45 35 50 50 40
Response time(s) 5–10 5–10 15–20 5–10 5–10 15–20
Working pH range 3–6 3–6 3–6 3–6 3–6 3–6
Accuracy (Mean ± SD)c 100.64 ± 1.38 100.39 ± 1.43 100.10 ± 2.07 98.44 ± 1.35 99.56 ± 1.54 100.20 ± 2.39
Precision
 (RSD%)d 0.95 1.22 1.83 1.22 1.39 1.95
 (RSD%)e 1.10 1.48 2.14 1.53 1.63 2.23
 Reproducibility (RSD%)f 1.91 1.86
 Dosage form (Recovery% ± SD)a 100.83 ± 0.86 99.94 ± 0.93
 Plasma (Recovery% ± SD) a 96.81 ± 1.62 95.78 ± 1.18

aAverage of three determinations.

bLimit of detection (measured by interception of the extrapolated arms of potential profiles figures.

cMean ± SD of three concentrations measured in triplicates.

dIntraday precision or repeatability (average of three different concentrations measured in triplicates in the same day).

eInterday precision or intermediate precision (average of three different concentrations measured in triplicates for three days).

fAverage of three different concentration with three batches of the sensors.