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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15377-y

Table 1.

Shoreline change results in pre- and post-construction of coastal development project.

Parameters Pre-construction (1966–2002) Post-construction (2002–2023)
Khlong Wan coastline Wa Ko coastline Khlong Wan coastline Wa Ko coastline
STA. (number of transects) 0 + 000 to 1 + 550 (63) 1 + 575 to 6 + 500 (198) 0 + 000 to 1 + 550 (63) 1 + 575 to 6 + 500 (198)
 Mean NSM (m) –10 1 18 6
 Minimum NSM (m) –26 –12 –3 –13
 Maximum NSM (m) 8 16 77 250
 Accretion (%) 8.0 33.3 96.8 33.3
 Retreat (%) 82.5 27.3 1.6 51.5
 Stable (%) 9.5 39.4 1.6 15.2
 Uncertainty of NSM (m) ± 3 ± 3 ± 0.8 ± 0.8
Shoreline change rates using EPR (m/y)
 Mean shoreline change rate –0.28 0.04 0.84 0.28
 Maximum accretion rate 0.23 0.45 3.67 11.89
 Mean accretion rate 0.15 0.24 0.86 1.17
 Maximum retreat rate –0.72 –0.32 –0.16 –0.64
 Mean retreat rate –0.36 –0.19 –0.16 –0.22
 Uncertainty of EPR ± 0.08 ± 0.08 ± 0.05 ± 0.05

Note: NSM = net shoreline movement; EPR = end point rate.