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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14062-4

Table 2.

Wilcoxon signed-rank test results for cognitive test scores at T0 and T1.

Cognitive tasks Mean rank T0 Mean rank T1 z pa rb 95% CI for r
Global cognitive functioning
 MoCA 24 23 2.14 .061 .62 [.07, .88]
Linguistic abilities
 AAT–naming 119 115 2.71 .015 .78 [.38, .94]
 Token test 5 5 1 .387 .29 [− .34, .74]
Memory
 Span forward 7 6 1.93 .085 .56 [− .03, .86]
 Span backward 6 4 2.83 .014 .82 [.46, .95]
 Immediate and deferred recall test 11.7 12.35 .36 .722 .10 [− .50, .64]
Attention
 TMT – A 39.65 50.5 3.06 .015 .88 [.63, .97]
 TMT – B 87 148.5 3.06 .015 .88 [.63, .97]
Executive functions (EFs)
 TMT – B-A 45.5 96 2.98 .011 .86 [.57, .96]
 Stroop CWT 163.91 179.5 1.10 .374 .35 [− .36, .80]
 Stroop CWI 17.5 19.5 .85 .437 .27 [− .43, .77]

ap-values were corrected with the FDR method.

bEffect size (r) was calculated using the formula r = z/√N.

Significant values are in bold.