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. 2025 Aug 22;16:7811. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-63040-x

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a, b Confocal images and flow cytometric assay of intracellular ROS levels in HeLa cells treated without (Blank) and with 180 nM DK-MLIR (DK-MLIR), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO and 10-min UV irradiation (BSO + UV), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO (BSO), and DK-MLIR in presence of 10-min UV irradiation (UV). Scale bar: 100 µm. c Mitochondrial membrane potential of HeLa cells treated without (Blank) and with 10 μM CCCP (CCCP), 180 nM DK-MLIR, 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO and 10-min UV irradiation (BSO + UV), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO (BSO), and DK-MLIR in presence of 10-min UV irradiation (UV). Scale bar: 50 µm. d, e ATP levels in HeLa cells and AML-12 cells treated without (Blank) and with 180 nM CD63APT-TPP (CD63APT-TPP), 180 nM DK-MLIR (DK-MLIR), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO and 10-min UV irradiation (BSO + UV), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO (BSO), and DK-MLIR in presence of 10-min UV irradiation (UV). Shown are mean ± SEM (n = 3 biologically independent samples). (HeLa, Blank vs CD63APT-TPP, P = 1.86 × 10⁻⁵ and Blank vs UV, P = 6.35 × 10⁻⁵; AML-12, Blank vs CD63APT-TPP, P = 0.00846 and Blank vs UV, P = 0.291; ****P < 0.0001, **P < 0.01, NS: not significant, two-tailed Student’s t test). f, g The viability assays of HeLa cells and AML-12 cells treated without (Blank) and with 180 nM CD63APT-TPP (CD63APT-TPP), 180 nM DK-MLIR (DK-MLIR), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO and 10-min UV irradiation (BSO + UV), 180 nM DK-MLIR in presence of 100 µM BSO (BSO), and DK-MLIR in presence of 10-min UV irradiation (UV). Shown are mean ± SEM (n = 3 biologically independent samples). (HeLa, Blank vs UV, P = 0.0004; AML-12, Blank vs UV, P = 0.0101; ***P < 0.001, *P < 0.1, two-tailed Student’s t test). Image representation of 3 experiments. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.