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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30976. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16410-w

Table 2.

Mean and standard error (SEM) for the percentage of spermatozoa classified as intact acrosome and intact membrane (IAIM), damaged acrosome and intact membrane (DAIM), intact acrosome and damaged membrane (IADM), and damaged acrosome and damaged membrane (DADM), as well as overall acrosome damage (DA) and plasma membrane damage (DM) in mature (n = 20; 2–4 years) and senile (n = 20; ≥ 9 years) groups.

Parameters Mature Senile p-value
IAIM (%) 77.7 ± 2.7 65.5 ± 2.7 0.003a
DAIM (%) 4.20 ± 0.9 4.31 ± 0.6 0.883a
IADM (%) 13.8 ± 2.5 25.3 ± 2.5 0.003a
DADM (%) 4.9 ± 0.9 6.3 ± 0.9 0.296a
Damaged acrosome (DA) * (%) 9.0 ± 1.2 10.4 ± 1.6 0.640b
Damaged membrane (DM) ** (%) 8.4 ± 1.9 30.7 ± 3.5 0.003b

aRepeated measures ANOVA.

bt-test.

* DA = DADM + DAIM.

** DM = DADM + IADM.

Spermatozoa were stained with PNA-Alexa Fluor™ 488 and propidium iodide (PI) fluorescent probes and analyzed using flow cytometry.