Table 2.
Associations between inflammatory markers and post-bronchodilatory lung function stratified by smoking status (β coefficients and odds ratios (OR) per unit with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for gender, age, body mass index and study site).
| FEV 1 %pred | FVC %pred | FEV 1 /FVC %pred | CAO | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. (95% CI) | p-value | Coef. (95% CI) | p-value | Coef. (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||||
| Never smokers | |||||||||||
| Total WBC (109/L) | −0.01 (−0.54, 0.52) | 0.979 | −0.16 (−0.64, 0.31) | 0.499 | 0.14 (−0.14, 0.42) | 0.316 | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.810 | |||
| Neutrophils (109/L) | −1.95 (−3.33, −0.57) | 0.006 | −1.94 (−3.18, −0.69) | 0.002 | −0.03 (−0.76, 0.70) | 0.938 | 1.14 (0.78, 1.69) | 0.493 | |||
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | 0.50 (−0.13, 1.13) | 0.120 | 0.24 (−0.33, 0.81) | 0.409 | 0.24 (−0.09, 0.58) | 0.149 | 0.63 (0.29, 1.39) | 0.253 | |||
| NLR | −2.14 (−3.79, −0.50) | 0.011 | −1.62 (−3.10, −0.13) | 0.033 | −0.54 (−1.41, 0.33) | 0.223 | 1.33 (0.86, 2.05) | 0.195 | |||
| Monocytes (1010/L) | −1.32 (−2.31, −0.33) | 0.009 | −0.84 (−1.73, 0.06) | 0.067 | −0.53 (−1.05, −0.01) | 0.045 | 1.23 (0.94, 1.61) | 0.123 | |||
| Eosinophils (1010/L) | −0.52 (−1.45, 0.41) | 0.274 | −0.39 (−1.23, 0.45) | 0.360 | −0.15 (−0.63, 0.34) | 0.555 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.32) | 0.544 | |||
| Basophils (1010/L) | −2.98 (−6.31, 0.34) | 0.078 | −0.84 (−3.84, 2.17) | 0.585 | −1.96 (−3.70, −0.23) | 0.027 | 2.70 (1.28, 5.72) | 0.009 | |||
| Former smokers | |||||||||||
| Total WBC (109/L) | −2.15 (−3.10, −1.21) | < 0.001 | −1.34 (−2.08, −0.60) | < 0.001 | −1.00 (−1.59, −0.41) | 0.001 | 1.25 (1.05, 1.48) | 0.013 | |||
| Neutrophils (109/L) | −2.33 (−3.53, −1.13) | < 0.001 | −1.41 (−2.35, −0.47) | 0.003 | −1.19 (−1.93, −0.44) | 0.002 | 1.32 (1.07, 1.63) | 0.010 | |||
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | −2.16 (−4.71, 0.39) | 0.096 | −1.58 (−3.57, 0.40) | 0.118 | −0.63 (−2.21, 0.94) | 0.431 | 0.94 (0.56, 1.59) | 0.830 | |||
| NLR | −1.36 (−2.84, 0.11) | 0.070 | −0.94 (−2.09, 0.21) | 0.109 | −0.62 (−1.53, 0.29) | 0.181 | 1.26 (0.98, 1.63) | 0.075 | |||
| Monocytes (1010/L) | −2.38 (−3.32, −1.44) | < 0.001 | −1.38 (−2.12, −0.64) | < 0.001 | −1.15 (−1.73, −0.56) | < 0.001 | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) | 0.009 | |||
| Eosinophils (1010/L) | −1.86 (−2.99, −0.74) | 0.001 | −1.00 (−1.89, −0.12) | 0.026 | −0.85 (−1.55, −0.15) | 0.018 | 1.34 (1.10, 1.64) | 0.004 | |||
| Basophils (1010/L) | 0.79 (−2.63, 4.21) | 0.650 | 2.00 (−0.66, 4.66) | 0.140 | −1.07 (−3.18, 1.04) | 0.320 | 1.70 (0.88, 3.26) | 0.113 | |||
| Current smokers | |||||||||||
| Total WBC (109/L) | −1.62 (−3.32, 0.07) | 0.061 | −0.99 (−2.67, 0.70) | 0.248 | −0.78 (−2.11, 0.56) | 0.250 | 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) | 0.145 | |||
| Neutrophils (109/L) | −1.76 (−4.02, 0.50) | 0.125 | −0.97 (−3.21, 1.27) | 0.393 | −0.93 (−2.70, 0.84) | 0.303 | 1.28 (0.88, 1.87) | 0.195 | |||
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | −3.14 (−7.74, 1.47) | 0.180 | −2.29 (−6.84, 2.26) | 0.321 | −1.37 (−4.98, 2.23) | 0.452 | 1.33 (0.65, 2.69) | 0.433 | |||
| NLR | −0.85 (−4.05, 2.35) | 0.599 | −0.97 (−4.12, 2.17) | 0.541 | 0.18 (−2.32, 2.67) | 0.888 | 1.05 (0.64, 1.71) | 0.860 | |||
| Monocytes (1010/L) | −1.42 (−3.11, 0.27) | 0.098 | −0.73 (−2.41, 0.94) | 0.388 | −0.77 (−2.09, 0.55) | 0.251 | 1.27 (0.96, 1.67) | 0.089 | |||
| Eosinophils (1010/L) | −1.14 (−3.53, 1.24) | 0.345 | −1.45 (−3.79, 0.89) | 0.223 | 0.39 (−1.47, 2.25) | 0.680 | 1.06 (0.72, 1.54) | 0.780 | |||
| Basophils (1010/L) | −4.46 (−10.54, 1.62) | 0.149 | −1.63 (−7.66, 4.40) | 0.594 | −3.53 (−8.27, 1.20) | 0.142 | 2.38 (0.88, 6.44) | 0.088 | |||
FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in the 1 st second, FVC = forced vital capacity, CAO = chronic airflow obstruction, WBC = white blood cells, NLR = neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. CI of beta coefficients not including zero and CI of ORs not including 1 are in bold.