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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30929. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16776-x

Table 2.

Associations between inflammatory markers and post-bronchodilatory lung function stratified by smoking status (β coefficients and odds ratios (OR) per unit with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for gender, age, body mass index and study site).

FEV 1 %pred FVC %pred FEV 1 /FVC %pred CAO
Coef. (95% CI) p-value Coef. (95% CI) p-value Coef. (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value
Never smokers
Total WBC (109/L) −0.01 (−0.54, 0.52) 0.979 −0.16 (−0.64, 0.31) 0.499 0.14 (−0.14, 0.42) 0.316 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) 0.810
Neutrophils (109/L) −1.95 (−3.33, −0.57) 0.006 −1.94 (−3.18, −0.69) 0.002 −0.03 (−0.76, 0.70) 0.938 1.14 (0.78, 1.69) 0.493
Lymphocytes (109/L) 0.50 (−0.13, 1.13) 0.120 0.24 (−0.33, 0.81) 0.409 0.24 (−0.09, 0.58) 0.149 0.63 (0.29, 1.39) 0.253
NLR −2.14 (−3.79, −0.50) 0.011 −1.62 (−3.10, −0.13) 0.033 −0.54 (−1.41, 0.33) 0.223 1.33 (0.86, 2.05) 0.195
Monocytes (1010/L) −1.32 (−2.31, −0.33) 0.009 −0.84 (−1.73, 0.06) 0.067 −0.53 (−1.05, −0.01) 0.045 1.23 (0.94, 1.61) 0.123
Eosinophils (1010/L) −0.52 (−1.45, 0.41) 0.274 −0.39 (−1.23, 0.45) 0.360 −0.15 (−0.63, 0.34) 0.555 1.07 (0.86, 1.32) 0.544
Basophils (1010/L) −2.98 (−6.31, 0.34) 0.078 −0.84 (−3.84, 2.17) 0.585 −1.96 (−3.70, −0.23) 0.027 2.70 (1.28, 5.72) 0.009
Former smokers
Total WBC (109/L) −2.15 (−3.10, −1.21) < 0.001 −1.34 (−2.08, −0.60) < 0.001 −1.00 (−1.59, −0.41) 0.001 1.25 (1.05, 1.48) 0.013
Neutrophils (109/L) −2.33 (−3.53, −1.13) < 0.001 −1.41 (−2.35, −0.47) 0.003 −1.19 (−1.93, −0.44) 0.002 1.32 (1.07, 1.63) 0.010
Lymphocytes (109/L) −2.16 (−4.71, 0.39) 0.096 −1.58 (−3.57, 0.40) 0.118 −0.63 (−2.21, 0.94) 0.431 0.94 (0.56, 1.59) 0.830
NLR −1.36 (−2.84, 0.11) 0.070 −0.94 (−2.09, 0.21) 0.109 −0.62 (−1.53, 0.29) 0.181 1.26 (0.98, 1.63) 0.075
Monocytes (1010/L) −2.38 (−3.32, −1.44) < 0.001 −1.38 (−2.12, −0.64) < 0.001 −1.15 (−1.73, −0.56) < 0.001 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) 0.009
Eosinophils (1010/L) −1.86 (−2.99, −0.74) 0.001 −1.00 (−1.89, −0.12) 0.026 −0.85 (−1.55, −0.15) 0.018 1.34 (1.10, 1.64) 0.004
Basophils (1010/L) 0.79 (−2.63, 4.21) 0.650 2.00 (−0.66, 4.66) 0.140 −1.07 (−3.18, 1.04) 0.320 1.70 (0.88, 3.26) 0.113
Current smokers
Total WBC (109/L) −1.62 (−3.32, 0.07) 0.061 −0.99 (−2.67, 0.70) 0.248 −0.78 (−2.11, 0.56) 0.250 1.23 (0.93, 1.62) 0.145
Neutrophils (109/L) −1.76 (−4.02, 0.50) 0.125 −0.97 (−3.21, 1.27) 0.393 −0.93 (−2.70, 0.84) 0.303 1.28 (0.88, 1.87) 0.195
Lymphocytes (109/L) −3.14 (−7.74, 1.47) 0.180 −2.29 (−6.84, 2.26) 0.321 −1.37 (−4.98, 2.23) 0.452 1.33 (0.65, 2.69) 0.433
NLR −0.85 (−4.05, 2.35) 0.599 −0.97 (−4.12, 2.17) 0.541 0.18 (−2.32, 2.67) 0.888 1.05 (0.64, 1.71) 0.860
Monocytes (1010/L) −1.42 (−3.11, 0.27) 0.098 −0.73 (−2.41, 0.94) 0.388 −0.77 (−2.09, 0.55) 0.251 1.27 (0.96, 1.67) 0.089
Eosinophils (1010/L) −1.14 (−3.53, 1.24) 0.345 −1.45 (−3.79, 0.89) 0.223 0.39 (−1.47, 2.25) 0.680 1.06 (0.72, 1.54) 0.780
Basophils (1010/L) −4.46 (−10.54, 1.62) 0.149 −1.63 (−7.66, 4.40) 0.594 −3.53 (−8.27, 1.20) 0.142 2.38 (0.88, 6.44) 0.088

FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in the 1 st second, FVC = forced vital capacity, CAO = chronic airflow obstruction, WBC = white blood cells, NLR = neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. CI of beta coefficients not including zero and CI of ORs not including 1 are in bold.