. 2025 Aug 22;15:30873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10108-9

Table 2.

Percent of time spent at near and Far viewing (mean ± SD and range) overall (N = 64) and by group, intensive school (N = 28) and standard school (N = 36). *Significant differences between groups.

	All	Intensive School	Standard School	P Value
Percent of time in near viewing (10 to < 100 cm)	55.2 ± 14.6 (19.6 to 87.8)	56.6 ± 13.9 (22.9 to 79.8)	54.1 ± 15.3 (19.6 to 87.8)	0.50
Percent of time in very near viewing (10 to < 40 cm)	24.9 ± 14.5 (4.4 to 65.7)	31.2 ± 15.8 (5.2 to 65.7)	20.1 ± 11.3 (4.4 to 51.8)	0.004*
Percent of time at intermediate near viewing (40 to < 100 cm)	30.3 ± 13.4 (8.3 to 57.3)	25.4 ± 12.5 (8.9 to 53.8)	34.0 ± 13.1 (8.3 to 57.3)	0.008*
Percent of time in far viewing (0 to < 100 and ≥ 100 cm)	44.8 ± 14.6 (12.2 to 80.5)	43.4 ± 13.9 (20.2 to 77.1)	45.9 ± 15.3 (12.2 to 80.5)	0.11

All

Intensive School

Standard School

P Value

Percent of time in near viewing (10 to < 100 cm)

55.2 ± 14.6

(19.6 to 87.8)

56.6 ± 13.9

(22.9 to 79.8)

54.1 ± 15.3

(19.6 to 87.8)

0.50

Percent of time in very near viewing (10 to < 40 cm)

24.9 ± 14.5

(4.4 to 65.7)

31.2 ± 15.8

(5.2 to 65.7)

20.1 ± 11.3

(4.4 to 51.8)

0.004*

Percent of time at intermediate near viewing (40 to < 100 cm)

30.3 ± 13.4

(8.3 to 57.3)

25.4 ± 12.5

(8.9 to 53.8)

34.0 ± 13.1

(8.3 to 57.3)

0.008*

Percent of time in far viewing

(0 to < 100 and ≥ 100 cm)

44.8 ± 14.6

(12.2 to 80.5)

43.4 ± 13.9

(20.2 to 77.1)

45.9 ± 15.3

(12.2 to 80.5)

0.11