. 2025 Aug 22;15:30873. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-10108-9

Table 3.

Near viewing distances (mean cm ± sd and range) overall (N = 64) and by group, intensive school (N = 28) and standard school (N = 36). *Significant differences between groups.

	All	Intensive school	Standard School	P Value
Viewing distance (cm) during near viewing (10 to < 100 cm)	45.4 ± 8.5 29.2 to 68.8	41.6 ± 7.9 29.18 to 57.75	48.4 ± 7.7 34.2 to 68.8	< 0.001*
Viewing distance (cm) during very near viewing (10 to < 40 cm)	28.0 ± 2.8 19.1 to 33.6	27.0 ± 2.8 19.1 to 32.3	28.7 ± 2.5 23.1 to 33.6	0.01*
Viewing distance (cm) during intermediate near viewing (40 to < 100 cm)	59.1 ± 4.9 49.6 to 75.3	58.0 ± 4.9 49.6 to 67.9	59.9 ± 4.9 52.6 to 75.3	0.13

All

Intensive school

Standard School

P Value

Viewing distance (cm) during near viewing (10 to < 100 cm)

45.4 ± 8.5

29.2 to 68.8

41.6 ± 7.9

29.18 to 57.75

48.4 ± 7.7

34.2 to 68.8

< 0.001*

Viewing distance (cm) during very near viewing (10 to < 40 cm)

28.0 ± 2.8

19.1 to 33.6

27.0 ± 2.8

19.1 to 32.3

28.7 ± 2.5

23.1 to 33.6

0.01*

Viewing distance (cm) during intermediate near viewing (40 to < 100 cm)

59.1 ± 4.9

49.6 to 75.3

58.0 ± 4.9

49.6 to 67.9

59.9 ± 4.9

52.6 to 75.3

0.13