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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30849. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-89221-8

Table 6.

Computational complexity of different machine learning methods.

Algorithms Complexity
SMO (sequential minimal optimization) Inline graphic
SGD (stochastic gradient descent) Inline graphic
Bayes optimization Inline graphic
Random forest (boosting) Inline graphic
Bagging Inline graphic
Proposed AETL Inline graphic
Proposed O-MLM Inline graphic