Table 3.
Correlates of smoked and smokeless tobacco use among study participants.
| Variable | Smoked tobacco | Smokeless tobacco | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | UOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Women | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Men | 19.21*** | (9.44–39.31) | 14.8*** | (7.03–31.5) | 10.4*** | (5.46–19.81) | 8.00*** | (3.53–18.1) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| 15–24 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 25–34 | 4.72*** | (2.74–8.13) | 4.31*** | (2.00–9.29) | 3.32*** | (1.75–6.32) | 3.26*** | (1.32–8.01) |
| 35–44 | 4.93*** | (2.87–8.48) | 4.11*** | (1.84–9.14) | 3.35*** | (1.77–6.36) | 2.83*** | (1.10–7.23) |
| 45–54 | 3.57*** | (1.95–6.53) | 3.15*** | (1.32–7.48) | 1.80 | (0.83–3.88) | 1.47 | (0.51–4.24) |
| 55–64 | 4.44*** | (2.14–9.20) | 3.67*** | (1.33–10.1) | 4.40*** | (1.91–10.11) | 3.71*** | (1.16–11.7) |
| ≥ 65 | 0.94 | (0.25–3.43) | 0.88 | (0.17–4.62) | 0.64 | (0.11–3.74) | 0.49 | (0.05–4.47) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Unmarried | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Married | 1.39*** | (1.05–1.84) | 0.50*** | (0.32–1.19) | 0.92 | (0.65–1.30) | 0.47*** | (0.24–0.92) |
| Education level | ||||||||
| Primary school or below | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Intermediate school | 0.86 | (0.48–1.52) | 0.54 | (0.25–1.19) | 0.89 | (0.43–1.86) | 0.68 | (0.28–1.78) |
| Secondary school | 1.21 | (0.79–1.86) | 0.57 | (0.34–0.97) | 1.14 | (0.66–1.98) | 0.53 | (0.24–1.14) |
| Higher education | 1.26 | (0.83–1.93) | 0.48*** | (0.25–0.90) | 1.16 | (0.67–2.01) | 0.40** | (0.17–0.90) |
| Work status | ||||||||
| Unemployed | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Employed | 3.42*** | (2.48–4.74) | 1.23 | (0.81–1.87) | 2.63*** | (1.87–3.71) | 1.06 | (0.63–1.78) |
| Nationality | ||||||||
| Non-Saudi | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Saudi | 1.03 | (0.79–1.33) | 1.34 | (0.92–1.98) | 0.91 | (0.65–1.29) | 1.18 | (0.71–1.95) |
| Monthly income (Saudi Riyal) | ||||||||
| ˂3000 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| 3000 to < 6000 | 4.10*** | (2.92–5.74) | 1.96*** | (1.21–3.18) | 2.71*** | (1.72–4.25) | 1.66 | (0.88–3.11) |
| 6000 to < 12,000 | 3.03*** | (2.18–4.23) | 1.43 | (0.85–2.43) | 2.79*** | (1.82–4.26) | 1.92* | (1.92–3.37) |
| 12,000 to < 20,000 | 5.05*** | (3.52–7.24) | 2.50*** | (1.39–4.51) | 4.20*** | (2.67–6.60) | 3.18*** | (1.50–6.73) |
| 20,000 to < 30,000 | 1.94 | (0.90–4.15) | 0.89 | (0.36–2.20) | 2.77*** | (1.19–6.40) | 2.14 | (0.87–4.90) |
| ≥ 30,000 | 2.10 | (0.73–6.03) | 1.05 | (0.45–2.47) | 2.33 | (0.66–8.23) | 2.01 | (0.73–6.21) |
| Region | ||||||||
| Riyadh | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Al-Baha | 1.86* | (1.07–3.22) | 1.91* | (1.01–3.61) | 1.24 | (0.57–2.70) | 1.19 | (0.44–3.21) |
| Al-Jouf | 0.99 | (0.50–1.95) | 1.45 | (0.57–3.59) | 1.44 | (0.66–3.16) | 2.14 | (0.78–5.03) |
| Aseer | 0.50* | (0.27–0.93) | 0.44*** | (0.20–0.98) | 0.78 | (0.38–1.59) | 0.76 | (0.31–1.87) |
| Eastern Province | 1.32 | (0.92–1.90) | 1.18 | (0.73–1.89) | 1.10 | (0.68–1.80) | 0.97 | (0.53–1.80) |
| Hail | 0.48 | (0.21–1.09) | 0.38* | (0.16–0.90) | 1.45 | (0.69–3.02) | 1.50 | (0.59–3.84) |
| Jazan | 0.44* | (0.22–0.88) | 0.43* | (0.20–0.90) | 0.24* | (0.07–0.82) | 0.23* | (0.06–0.80) |
| Madinah | 0.74 | (0.44–1.21) | 0.68 | (0.35–1.30) | 0.89 | (0.48–1.67) | 0.85 | (0.39–1.87) |
| Makkah | 1.12 | (0.77–1.64) | 1.10 | (0.67–1.78) | 1.21 | (0.75–1.97) | 1.27 | (0.70–2.33) |
| Najran | 0.07 | (0.14–0.39) | 0.07*** | (0.01–0.56) | 0.31 | (0.09–1.05) | 0.36 | (0.08–1.60) |
| Northern Borders | 0.74 | (0.34–1.58) | 0.90 | (0.33–2.39) | 0.22 | (0.04–1.22) | 0.29 | (0.03–2.25) |
| Qassim | 1.27 | (0.71–2.05) | 1.23 | (0.63–2.40) | 0.99 | (0.48–2.04) | 0.98 | (0.40–2.39) |
| Tabuk | 1.21 | (0.71–2.05) | 1.20 | (0.59–2.42) | 1.35 | (0.70–2.62) | 1.29 | (0.56-3.00) |
UOR = unadjusted odds ratio, AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.