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. 2025 Aug 22;15:307. doi: 10.1038/s41398-025-03534-w

Table 1.

The significant clusters of ALE analysis.

Type Age range Modality Contrast Cluster Names x y z cluster size (2*2*2 mm) Remark
Main analysis All All All lIFG −42 15 5 266 extending to Ins
lMFG −44 12 29 385 extending to IFG
All All Increase lMFG −44 13 29 161 extending to IFG
Sub-group analysis All Comprehension All lMFG −44 11 28 182 extending to IFG
rMFG 43 43 18 107
All Production All lIFG −45 20 2 129 extending to Ins
Comparison analysis All Comprehension > Production All rMFG 42 42 21 66
All Comprehension < Production All lIFG −45 20 2 113 extending to Ins
lIns −37 15 12 37
lMFG −44 20 31 21
Sub-group analysis All Comprehension Decrease rMFG 43 44 17 123
All Production Increase lIFG −40 12 8 202 extending to Ins
Age-effects >=35 All Increase lMFG −44 14 30 137 extending to IFG
<35 Comprehension Decrease rMFG 43 46 13 149

Denotes: lMFG left middle frontal gyrus; lIFG left inferior frontal gyrus; rMFG right middle frontal gyrus; lIns left insula.