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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30943. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15984-9

Table 4.

Performance evaluation of several prediction models.

Model MAE (%) MSE (%) MSLE (%) RMSLE (%) RMSE (%) R2 (%)
Nonparametric regression 5.08 18.94 9.02 10.99 9.98 8.83
XGB regression 4.86 16.17 4.66 5.88 7.88 11.93
Random forest regression 4.67 9.04 3.24 5.03 7.25 76.62
Decision tree regression 1.06 2.22 1.19 1.39 3.27 90.24
Ensemble regression 0.83 1.64 0.44 0.56 1.83 97.79