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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30916. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-12650-y

Table 1.

Participants’ characteristics.

characteristics EN1
(n=25)
EN2
(n=25)
EN3
(n=25)
EN4
(n=25)
χ2 P
Sex(%)

Man

Woman

17(68.0)

8(32.0)

21(84.0)

4(16.0)

12(48.0)

13(52.0)

16(64.0)

9(36.0)

7.308 0.063
Age, mean(SD)y 61.8(13.4) 59.5(14.5) 58.7(14.3) 55.3(18.7)
Disease categories(%)
Strokes 9(36) 10(40) 7(28) 9(36)
Intracranial infection 5(20) 5(20) 5(20) 8(32)
Epilepsy 3(12) 3(12) 4(16) 3(12)
Craniocerebral trauma 6(24) 4(16) 1(4) 1(4)
Autoimmune disease 2(8) 3(12) 8(32) 4(16)
Hypertensive(%) 7(28) 11(44) 9(36) 10(40) 1.502 0.682
Coronary heart disease(%) 2(8) 0(0) 2(8) 3(12) 4.505# 0.212
Diabetes(%) 1(4) 2(8) 5(20) 3(12) 3.601# 0.308
Peptic ulcer(%) 1(4) 0(0) 1(4) 1(4) 1.757# 0.624
Antibiotic use(%) 22(88) 22(88) 21(84) 23(92) 0.771# 0.857
Nutritional Approach(%)

Nasogastric tube

nasoenteric tube

19(76)

6(24)

22(88)

3(12)

23(92)

2(8)

24(96)

1(4)

5.149# 0.161

# is the likelihood ratio.