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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 1.

Algorithmic parameter settings.

Algorithm Parameters Year Reference
MHGS Inline graphic -- --
HGS Inline graphic 2021 34
CDO Inline graphic, Inline graphic, Inline graphic 2023 58
SCSO Inline graphic 2022 59
AOA Inline graphic 2021 60
AGWO Inline graphic 2018 61
WOA Inline graphic 2016 21
GWO Inline graphic 2014 20
PSO Inline graphic 1995 34