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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 10.

Optimal solutions produced by each algorithm for the three-bar truss design problem.

Algorithm Inline graphic Inline graphic
MHGS 0.788678 0.408241
HGS 0.812696 0.346616
CDO 0.791369 0.400762
SCSO 0.788667 0.408273
AOA 0.790529 0.403679
AGWO 0.789789 0.405169
WOA 0.786709 0.413837
GWO 0.789001 0.407328
PSO 0.789648 0.405523