Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 12.

Optimal solution produced by each algorithm for the speed reducer design problem.

Algorithm Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic
MHGS 3.500000 0.700000 17.000000 7.300000 7.715320 3.350215 5.286654
HGS 3.500000 0.700000 17.000000 7.300000 7.715320 3.350215 5.286654
CDO 3.600000 0.700000 17.000000 8.300000 8.300000 3.378802 5.290333
SCSO 3.500206 0.700000 17.000000 7.308098 7.739710 3.351613 5.286939
AOA 3.600000 0.700000 17.000000 7.300000 8.034523 3.470205 5.321308
AGWO 3.600000 0.700000 17.000000 7.300000 8.300000 3.360438 5.295064
WOA 3.515989 0.700000 17.000000 7.578152 8.108536 3.363331 5.286791
GWO 3.501402 0.700000 17.000000 7.334880 7.791578 3.353653 5.287155
PSO 3.509908 0.700000 17.000000 7.372485 8.300000 3.355851 5.293236