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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 15.

Experimental results obtained for the feature selection problem.

Dataset Measures BMHGS_V3 BHGS BGWOPSO BALO-1 BGWO1 BBA VPSO BGSA GA
HeartEW Mean 82.28 79.57 81.11 80.86 80.37 79.32 79.63 81.36 79.57
Std 4.86E-02 4.99E-02 5.20E-02 5.68E-02 5.97E-02 5.94E-02 4.64E-02 5.77E-02 5.29E-02
ADR 58.97 53.59 40.00 54.62 31.28 56.15 53.33 55.64 52.82
Exactly Mean 100.00 94.65 96.13 100.00 82.48 99.85 98.85 96.90 94.13
Std 0.00E + 00 1.23E-01 1.04E-01 0.00E + 00 9.69E-02 6.04E-03 6.30E-02 6.43E-02 6.34E-02
ADR 53.85 50.77 50.26 53.85 30.51 53.33 53.33 48.97 43.59
M-of-n Mean 100.00 96.82 99.67 100.00 92.92 100.00 99.97 99.88 98.58
Std 0.00E + 00 6.66E-02 1.83E-02 0.00E + 00 4.06E-02 0.00E + 00 1.83E-03 3.13E-03 2.21E-02
ADR 53.85 52.82 52.56 53.85 26.92 53.85 53.33 52.05 44.62
Lymphography Mean 81.79 78.57 80.48 79.05 80.71 78.45 80.95 79.76 79.05
Std 7.41E-02 7.90E-02 7.25E-02 7.31E-02 7.48E-02 6.86E-02 6.85E-02 7.64E-02 6.20E-02
ADR 48.70 45.56 34.63 48.70 31.48 50.19 47.59 50.00 48.89
Climate Mean 93.67 92.87 92.81 93.40 92.69 93.61 93.52 92.93 92.90
Std 1.58E-02 1.95E-02 1.37E-02 1.82E-02 1.56E-02 2.12E-02 1.42E-02 1.83E-02 1.90E-02
ADR 66.85 57.04 43.15 58.52 33.52 60.00 59.44 60.00 57.59
SpectEW Mean 79.18 76.98 76.48 78.49 78.11 76.10 77.17 77.04 78.36
Std 4.30E-02 5.14E-02 4.31E-02 4.69E-02 4.07E-02 6.06E-02 4.84E-02 5.25E-02 5.31E-02
ADR 62.88 55.91 35.91 53.48 33.64 58.64 55.00 52.58 51.52
IonosphereEW Mean 89.24 88.76 87.14 87.71 85.43 88.19 87.71 87.71 85.81
Std 3.11E-02 3.09E-02 3.95E-02 3.06E-02 2.96E-02 2.73E-02 2.27E-02 2.82E-02 2.95E-02
ADR 87.45 70.78 48.63 70.49 43.53 73.04 70.49 67.35 60.49
movementlibras Mean 74.21 73.75 74.21 73.19 72.45 72.45 73.94 73.56 72.41
Std 4.52E-02 4.35E-02 4.82E-02 4.70E-02 5.16E-02 5.04E-02 5.27E-02 4.62E-02 5.23E-02
ADR 72.41 55.00 33.33 51.93 30.11 55.19 51.00 52.00 51.22
hillvalley Mean 57.81 55.76 55.39 56.07 55.33 57.33 55.92 56.12 55.88
Std 2.66E-02 2.59E-02 1.84E-02 2.78E-02 3.51E-02 3.34E-02 3.43E-02 2.84E-02 3.28E-02
ADR 82.77 56.83 32.73 52.80 31.97 57.57 52.63 51.73 52.77
isolet5 Mean 84.18 81.93 81.48 82.81 81.18 82.67 83.34 82.42 82.15
Std 1.92E-02 2.45E-02 1.78E-02 1.96E-02 1.94E-02 1.53E-02 1.72E-02 2.26E-02 1.99E-02
ADR 80.60 58.88 27.87 50.24 25.25 54.42 51.45 50.26 50.28