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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 4.

Wilcoxon rank sum test results (F1 to F13, D = 100).

Function vs. HGS vs. CDO vs. SCSO vs. AOA vs. AGWO vs. WOA vs. GWO vs. PSO
F1 3.34E-01 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F2 2.16E-02 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F3 6.61E-05 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F4 2.93E-05 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F5 7.04E-07 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F6 3.63E-01 1.21E-12 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F7 7.17E-01 2.49E-06 1.09E-05 5.53E-08 1.86E-09 1.02E-05 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F8 6.73E-01 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 2.87E-10 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F9 NaN 5.77E-11 NaN NaN 4.19E-02 3.34E-01 4.10E-12 1.21E-12
F10 NaN 1.69E-14 NaN 1.61E-01 7.72E-13 2.92E-07 9.74E-13 1.21E-12
F11 NaN 5.58E-03 NaN 1.21E-12 NaN NaN NaN 1.21E-12
F12 8.19E-01 1.62E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F13 1.22E-02 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
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