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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 5.

Wilcoxon rank sum test results (F1 to F13, D = 500).

Function vs. HGS vs. CDO vs. SCSO vs. AOA vs. AGWO vs. WOA vs. GWO vs. PSO
F1 1.61E-01 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F2 4.57E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F3 1.70E-08 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F4 2.93E-05 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F5 3.81E-07 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F6 7.06E-01 1.21E-12 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F7 4.29E-01 1.87E-07 4.74E-06 6.52E-09 3.02E-11 7.01E-02 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F8 6.52E-01 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 1.17E-09 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F9 NaN 1.21E-12 NaN 2.16E-02 3.17E-13 NaN 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F10 NaN 1.69E-14 NaN 1.21E-12 1.21E-12 1.09E-08 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F11 NaN NaN NaN 1.21E-12 2.71E-14 NaN 1.21E-12 1.21E-12
F12 4.83E-01 2.37E-12 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
F13 9.47E-03 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11 3.02E-11
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