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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16513-4

Table 9.

Experimental results obtained for the three-bar truss design problem.

Algorithm Best Worst Mean Std
MHGS 263.895843 263.907950 263.897051 2.42E-03
HGS 264.526746 282.842712 272.460632 5.38E + 00
CDO 263.909134 264.267061 263.995277 7.73E-02
SCSO 263.895919 282.842712 265.160498 4.81E + 00
AOA 263.963398 269.651581 265.038779 1.07E + 00
AGWO 263.902857 282.842712 264.583133 3.45E + 00
WOA 263.898703 267.215228 264.523861 8.53E-01
GWO 263.895999 263.908236 263.899420 3.39E-03
PSO 263.898419 264.146311 263.994299 7.28E-02