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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30914. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14763-w

Table 11.

Results of deep learning classifiers using hybrid features with CTGAN.

MFCC+CTGAN
Model Class Precision Recall F1 Score Model Class Precision Recall F1 Score
LSTM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 CNN 0 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 1.00 0.59 0.74 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.36 0.01 0.53 2 1.00 1.00 1.00
Micro avg. 0.45 0.53 0.42 Micro avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Weighted avg. 0.42 0.48 0.39 Weighted avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Accuracy 0.48 Accuracy 1.00
RNN 0 0.71 0.65 0.68 GRU 0 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.58 0.64 0.61 2 1.00 1.00 1.00
Micro avg. 0.76 0.76 0.76 Micro avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Weighted avg. 0.76 0.76 0.76 Weighted avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Accuracy 0.76 Accuracy 1.00
CQT+CTGAN
Model Class Precision Recall F1 Score Model Class Precision Recall F1 Score
LSTM 0 0.40 1.00 0.57 CNN 0 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0.99 0.99 0.99
Micro avg. 0.13 0.33 0.19 Micro avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Weighted avg. 0.16 0.40 0.22 Weighted avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Accuracy 0.40 Accuracy 1.00
RNN 0 0.58 0.40 0.47 GRU 0 1.00 1.00 1.00
1 0.53 0.66 0.58 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.43 0.50 0.46 2 0.99 1.00 1.00
Micro avg. 0.51 0.52 0.51 Micro avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Weighted avg. 0.52 0.51 0.50 Weighted avg. 1.00 1.00 1.00
Accuracy 0.51 Accuracy 1.00