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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30914. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14763-w

Table 3.

Hyperparameters used for machine and deep learning models.

Algorithm Hyperparameters
LR solver=saga, C=2.0, max_iter=100, penalty=’l2’, multi_clas=multinomial
SVM kernel=’linear’, C=2.0, random_state=500
RF n_estimators=200,max_depth=50, random_state=2
DT max_depth=50, random_state=2
LSTM Input layer, Hidden layer, Output layer, optimizer=adam, Dropout=0.5 loss=categorical_crossentropy, activation= ReLU, Softmax, epoches=10
CNN Conv2D (filter=16, 32, 64, 128, kernel=2x2), maxpooling2D=2x2, optimizer=adam, loss=categorical_crossentropy, Dropout=0.5, epoches=200