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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30914. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-14763-w

Table 6.

Results of machine learning classifiers using hybrid features with CTGAN.

Model Class Precision Recall F1 Score Model Class Precision Recall F1 Score
DT 0 0.89 0.90 0.89 LR 0 0.89 0.91 0.90
1 0.99 0.99 0.99 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.90 0.89 0.89 2 0.91 0.90 0.90
Micro avg. 0.93 0.93 0.93 Micro avg. 0.93 0.93 0.93
Weighted avg. 0.93 0.93 0.93 Weighted avg. 0.93 0.93 0.93
Accuracy 0.93 Accuracy 0.93
SVC 0 0.90 0.95 0.93 NB 0 0.37 0.77 0.50
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 0.74 0.50 0.60
2 0.96 0.91 0.93 2 0.46 0.16 0.24
Micro avg. 0.95 0.95 0.95 Micro avg. 0.52 0.48 0.45
Weighted avg. 0.95 0.95 0.95 Weighted avg. 0.53 0.47 0.45
Accuracy 0.95 Accuracy 0.47
KNN 0 0.72 0.89 0.79 RF 0 0.96 0.92 0.94
1 0.98 0.95 0.93 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.88 0.72 0.79 2 0.93 0.97 0.95
Micro avg. 0.85 0.85 0.85 Micro avg. 0.97 0.96 0.96
Weighted avg. 0.85 0.85 0.85 Weighted avg. 0.97 0.97 0.97
Accuracy 0.85 Accuracy 0.97
Hard Voting 0 0.89 0.94 0.92 Soft Voting 0 0.87 0.93 0.90
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.95 0.90 0.92 2 0.94 0.88 0.91
Micro avg. 0.95 0.95 0.95 Micro avg. 0.94 0.94 0.94
Weighted avg. 0.95 0.95 0.95 Weighted avg. 0.94 0.94 0.94
Accuracy 0.95 Accuracy 0.94