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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30877. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16352-3

Table 2.

Performance comparison with closely related water quality forecasting models.

Study Method(s) Time Window Location RMSE (mg/m3)
Eze et al.20 EEMD-LSTM 6–24 h Scottish salmon farm (marine coast) 0.0356 (6 h), 0.0417 (24 h)
Lin et al.24 WA-LSTM, WA-BPNN 2 weeks Neuse River Estuary, USA (estuarine) 1.27–12.05 (WA-LSTM), 1.14–8.45 (WA-BPNN) across 10 sites
Barzegar et al.23 LSTM, CNN-LSTM 15 min

Small Prespa Lake, Greece

(freshwater)

0.614 (LSTM), 0.579 (CNN-LSTM)
Yussof et al.18 LSTM, CNN 8 days West Coast of Sabah, Malaysia (marine coast) 3402.142 (LSTM), 4361.724 (CNN)
Zheng et al.22 LSTM, EFDC-LSTM 1–3 h BeiYun River, China (freshwater) 0.94 (LSTM), 1.86 (EFDC-LSTM)
Cen et al.19 LSTM 5 days East China Sea (marine coast) 0.0223–4.6475 across 4 regions
Gupta et al. (our study) LSTM 1 week Chesapeake Bay (estuarine) 0.121–0.199 across 3 regions