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. 2025 Aug 22;15:30968. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-15381-2

Table 3.

Results of multicollinearity analysis on factors affecting multi-hazards.

Criterion Land subsidence Landslide Wildfire Flood
Altitude 1.31 1.46 1.11 1.16
Aspect 1.02 1.17 1.005 1.03
Drainage density 1.08 1.02
Geology 1.7 1.42 1.16
Land cover 1.36 1.67 1.04 1.19
NDVI 1.14 1.74 1.15 1.17
Plan curvature 1.33 1.27 1.15
Profile curvature 1.3 1.25 1.16
Rainfall 2.39 3.07 1.16 2.11
Slope 2.02 1.94 1.04 1.04
Soil type 1.8 2.07 1.66
TWI 2.52 1.58
Distance to rivers 1.04 1.06
Distance to villages 1.01
Wind effect 1.02
Temperature 1.09
Distance to roads 1.03 1.04 1.008
Distance to faults 1.23 1.17
Groundwater drawdowns 1.59